Protein folding is the physical process by which a protein chain acquires its native 3-dimensional structure, a conformation that is usually biologically functional, in an expeditious and reproducible manner. From last few years, Researchers are keeping their effort in tackling the mystery of different mechanisms, driving forces, and processes occurring in protein folding

Protein crystallography visualizes protein structures at the atomic level and helps in understanding the protein function with the help of very high-resolution microscopy. Protein Crystallography has been highly used in designing novel drugs that target a particular protein or an enzyme that can be used for industrial processes.

Recombinant protein production & purification, Protein expression and purification, CHI protein and Protein electrophoresis are the topics covered in the protein purification. Protein purification is a series of processes planned to isolate one or a few proteins from a complex mixture, usually cells, tissues or whole organisms. Protein purification is vital for the characterization of the function, structure and interactions of the protein of interest.

The availability of growth factors and the increasing knowledge base concerning the bone regeneration with modern techniques like recombinant signaling molecules, solid free-form fabrication of scaffolds, synthetic cartilage, Electrochemical deposition, spinal fusion & ossification are newly generated techniques for tissue-engineering applications. Biomedical Engineering research is the foremost research which includes Nano applications to biomedical sciences and tissue engineering, Nano medicines, Cell interactions with Nano particles, Revolutionary opportunities and future possibility of nanotechnology, Bio-nanotechnology Biomedical Nanotechnology, Tissue Growing Nanostructures, Nano-Mechanisms for Molecular Systems, Nano-Bio-Computing, Biomedical Application of Nanoparticles and Functional Nanomaterials and Devices for Biomedical Engineering.

Protein Biomarkers, Protein gold standards, Recombinant protein drugs, Protein expression services and market analysis, Fusion protein therapeutics are the various applications and sources for Protein Therapeutics and Market Analysis. Protein therapeutics already has a significant role in almost every field of medicine, but this role is still only in its infancy.

Protein Expression contains of the stages after DNA has been transcribed to messenger RNA (mRNA) from the process of Optimizing protein expression, Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic systems, Fusion protein therapeutics: Cell line & cell culture development& Protein microarray studies. Recombinant production of proteins is one of the most powerful techniques used in the Life Sciences. There are nearly 3000 people from 60-65 universities in USA working for Protein Expression. The Oxford Protein Production Facility-UK (OPPF-UK) is a UK core facility for protein production located in the Research Complex at Harwell. The project has recently received additional funding of £2.3M from the MRC to provide a range of highly specialized technologies incorporating robotic systems, for the high throughput expression, purification & crystallization of recombinant proteins.

Proteomics is a developing field that has been highly enabled by the human genome project. Proteins are the products of genes, the machinery of the cells in our bodies. Protein mass spectrometry refers to the utilization of mass spectrometry to the study of proteins. Mass spectrometry is an important emerging method for the characterization of proteins. Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis can be used to generate cellular protein maps which give a quantitative and qualitative picture of the proteome. Mass spectrometry is the method of choice for the rapid large-scale identification of these proteomes and their alterations. Proteogenomics uses mass spectrometry data to experimentally validate gene products and to assist in the process of genome annotation & comparison.

Molecular modelling is a technique for originating, representing and manipulating the structures and reactions of molecules, and those properties that are dependent on these three dimensional structure, Drug design, frequently referred to as rational drug design or simply rational design, is the inventive process of finding new medications based on the knowledge of a biological target.

Genetic engineering, also called genetic adjustment, is the immediate control of a living being's genome utilizing biotechnology. It is an arrangement of innovations used to change the genetic makeup of cells, comprising the exchange of genes within and across species boundaries to produce improved or novel organisms. Genetic adjustment, Genome investigation, Genetic designing strategies, Molecular docking & computational transformative science are the diverse points secured under Genetic Engineering.

There are lot of applications used for protein but mostly we are having good research and number of companies and projects for the following applications Protein modification, targeting and degradation, Protein identification & validation, Protein profiling studies in diabetes, Imaging mass spectrometry and profiling of tissue sections, Designer proteins and Protein Dietary Supplements. Protein Engineering market is $56 billion in 2012 to $168 billion in 2017, a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 10.9% from 2012 through 2017.

Enzyme Engineering is the application of genetic engineering techniques to enzyme technology. There are a number of properties which may be improved or altered by genetic engineering including the production and kinetics of the enzyme, Structure of the enzymes, De novo design, Intersection of protein engineering and next-generation sequencing, Rational alteration of enzyme function, Combinatorial Enzyme Engineering & Enzyme and biosensor Engineering. There are almost 4000+ people from 75 universities in USA working for Enzyme Engineering.

Antibody engineering is a great tool for improving antibody functions and immunogenicity improvement. Engineered therapeutic antibodies are better for affinity maturation, specifically by improving on-rate of the antibody binding affinities. The need to overcome the immunogenicity problem of rodent antibodies in clinical practice has resulted in a plethora of strategies to isolate human antibodies. If human antibodies are to be used, then one would like to understand the basis by which different isotypes interact with host effector systems, and if possible, improve on nature by engineering in desirable modifications.

Antibodies are used extensively as diagnostic tools in many different formats. The term applied for antibody based diagnostic tests is “immunoassay”. Antibody-based immunoassays are the most commonly used confirmatory diagnostic assays and is the fastest growing technologies for the analysis of biomolecules. Trends in antibody based diagnosis show advances in assay specificity, detection technologies and sensitivity. Sensitivity and specificity is ensured depending on whether or not the antigen to be quantified competes with labeled antigen for a limited number of antibody binding sites. Monoclonal antibodies are now widely used in all areas of biological and medical research as well as in clinical diagnostic tests and in therapy. This review concentrates on the clinical use of antibodies in therapy particularly with regard to the properties of the antibodies which seem most relevant to their usefulness. In-vitro tests using human effector systems and in-vivo animal models have demonstrated the importance of the antibody isotype and valency for antigen as well as the specificity of binding.

Conventional anticancer therapeutics often suffers from lack of specificity, resulting in toxicities to normal healthy tissues and poor therapeutic index. Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) constitute a therapeutic modality in which a cytotoxic agent is chemically linked to an antibody (Ab) that recognizes a tumor-associated antigen. The basic strategy underlying ADC technology is to combine the target selectivity of mAbs with the potency of cytotoxic agents, such as certain natural products and synthetic molecules, with the goal of generating therapeutic drugs that are highly efficacious but also safe. The ADC platform currently includes a growing repertoire of cytotoxic payloads, linker technologies and conjugation methods. Two ADCs have recently received FDA approval and more than 30 are in clinical development. This meeting aims to highlight advances in ADC research, clinical development and regulatory perspectives.

Pharmacogenomics & Pharmacoproteomics is the study of the use of genetics in drug response and provided DNA for genomes. It deals with the influence of acquired and inherited genetic variation on drug response in patients by Protein aggregation & stability in biopharmaceuticals, New discoveries in genomic targets, Various drug responses due to genetic polymorphisms, Drug dosage formulations, Drug safety and its efficiency and Membrane transport proteins.

And of course, identifying all human genes and proteins will have great medical significance. 
-- Daniel Nathans

Engineering, Oncology(Antibodies & Cancer Therapy, Bispecific Antibodies and Combination Therapy), Immunotherapy, Expression, Analytical, Immunogenicity and Bioassays, Bioconjugates(Fusion Protein,Therapeutics, Antibody-Drug Conjugates, Clinical Progress), Therapeutics and Technologies(Therapeutic Antibodies, CRISPR, Genome Engineering, Nanotechnology in Medicine)